Trapped Under the Sea

Description

The harrowing story of five men who were sent into a dark, airless, miles-long tunnel, hundreds of feet below the ocean, to do a nearly impossible job—with deadly results
 
A quarter-century ago, Boston had the dirtiest harbor in America. The city had been dumping sewage into it for generations, coating the seafloor with a layer of “black mayonnaise.” Fisheries collapsed, wildlife fled, and locals referred to floating tampon applicators as “beach whistles.”
 
In the 1990s, work began on a state-of-the-art treatment plant and a 10-mile-long tunnel—its endpoint stretching farther from civilization than the earth’s deepest ocean trench—to carry waste out of the harbor. With this impressive feat of engineering, Boston was poised to show the country how to rebound from environmental ruin. But when bad decisions and clashing corporations endangered the project, a team of commercial divers was sent on a perilous mission to rescue the stymied cleanup effort. Five divers went in; not all of them came out alive.
 
Drawing on hundreds of interviews and thousands of documents collected over five years of reporting, award-winning writer Neil Swidey takes us deep into the lives of the divers, engineers, politicians, lawyers, and investigators involved in the tragedy and its aftermath, creating a taut, action-packed narrative. The climax comes just after the hard-partying DJ Gillis and his friend Billy Juse trade assignments as they head into the tunnel, sentencing one of them to death.
 
An intimate portrait of the wreckage left in the wake of lives lost, the book—which Dennis Lehane calls “extraordinary” and compares with The Perfect Storm—is also a morality tale. What is the true cost of these large-scale construction projects, as designers and builders, emboldened by new technology and pressured to address a growing population’s rapacious needs, push the limits of the possible? This is a story about human risk—how it is calculated, discounted, and transferred—and the institutional failures that can lead to catastrophe.
 
Suspenseful yet humane, Trapped Under the Sea reminds us that behind every bridge, tower, and tunnel—behind the infrastructure that makes modern life possible—lies unsung bravery and extraordinary sacrifice.A 2014 Booklist Editor’s Choice
#1 Boston Globe bestseller
A NEIBA bestseller

“While corporate boardrooms are the usual point of entry for dramas involving big money and technological hubris, Swidey, a journalist and author, works instead from the bottom up in his impressively reported account…His is a skillful examination into the basic fragility of such huge infrastructural projects and a lesson in how worker fatalities result not so much from single catastrophic mistakes as from ‘a series of small, bad decisions made by many individuals.'”
—New York Times Book Review

“A harrowing account of one of the largest engineering projects in U.S. history and of the hubris and ignorance that led to tragedy…A cautionary tale, which Mr. Swidey writes with splendid heart.”
—Wall Street Journal

“Intense…A Perfect Storm of public works: the great, awful narrative about the building of a ten-mile tunnel that ends in a very dark place beneath the Atlantic. Maybe not for claustrophobes; definitely for everyone else.”
—New York

“Dramatic…Through his meticulous reporting, Swidey sheds light on how the largest monuments to our collective genius are also the most likely to be seriously flawed. Audacious, brilliant, imaginative construction projects are really, really hard to build—and ultimately they’re built not by the dreamers who conceived them, but by the sandhogs and divers sent deep into the earth.”
—Chris Jones, Esquire

“A harrowing account of how commercial divers risk their lives to improve ours. After reading Neil Swidey’s engrossing Trapped Under the Sea, you will never look at a bridge or tunnel in the same way.”
—Men’s Journal

“[Trapped Under the Sea] transcends narrow geography in many ways: as exemplary investigative reporting, as superb narrative writing, as a cautionary tale of capitalistic greed, as a case study of how government agencies can protect or harm, and as a rare glimpse into the scary world of underwater dive crews….[Swidey] masterfully portrays the lives of the five divers, their loved ones, their work colleagues and their supervisors. It is a rare book that portrays blue-collar skilled laborers so thoroughly and compellingly.”
—Steve Weinberg, Dallas Morning News

“Perhaps Swidey’s greatest accomplishment is how through it all — the bravery, the bungling, and the loss — he manages to attain a level of suspense akin to that accomplished by Sebastian Junger in The Perfect Storm…[A] masterfully crafted saga.”
—Boston Globe

“[A] riveting, tragic true story…Fascinating.”
—Parade

“Captivating… Swidey brands the disaster with a human face by introducing the men to the reader and extracting lessons learned through a careful examination that he passes along in a narrative nonfiction piece that would no doubt make his glorious predecessors in the investigative magazine genre of the early 20th century proud.”
—Fort Worth Star-Telegram

“Reads like a thriller.”
—Sacramento Bee

“Neil Swidey’s detail-rich account of this unlikely disaster is a stirring tribute to the men, how they lived, and how they died.”
—Mother Jones

“Neil Swidey’s Trapped Under the Sea combines rich characters with a thrilling and tragic story that offers something for readers of all stripes…At once tragic and ironic, insightful and enraging.”
—The Blaze

“Swidey’s book is, at its core, a story about people: the people who risked their lives. The people who loved them. And the people who should have seen the disaster to come.”
—Maclean’s

“A gripping (and true) tale … told in a you-are-there narrative style that recalls Jon Krakauer’s Into Thin Air.”
—Civil Engineering

“Unforgettable…Seems destined to become a nonfiction classic.”
—Engineering News-Record

“Trapped Under the Sea is extraordinary. It bears comparison with The Perfect Storm in its brilliant evocation of everyday, working class men thrust into a harrowing, at times heroic confrontation with death and disaster.”
—Dennis Lehane, author of Live By Night and Shutter Island

“This book will take you on a journey into a fascinating but little-known world—it’s the anatomy of a tragedy, a dramatic tale with a cast of vividly drawn characters, superbly written and researched.”
—Jonathan Harr, author of A Civil Action and The Lost Painting
 
“Trapped Under the Sea is a heartbreaking tale of real-life bravery, real-life bungling, and real-life tragedy. Neil Swidey is a terrific storyteller.”
—Elizabeth Kolbert, author of Field Notes from a Catastrophe and The Sixth Extinction

“Thrilling and beautifully told, Trapped Under the Sea delivers us into a dangerous and mysterious world, a place that speaks to our darkest fears and where heroes work, as Swidey so masterfully shows us, just beneath the surface of our everyday lives.”
—Robert Kurson, author of Shadow Divers

“A fascinating, sympathetic, and suspenseful look at a doomed, high-risk engineering job, the working class men who dared to undertake it, and its ripple effect on the survivors. Claustrophobic and compelling.”
—Chuck Hogan, author of Devils in Exile and The Town 

“A marvel of masterful reporting and suspenseful writing. Neil Swidey has delivered a gripping, action-filled account of the human costs deep inside a feat of modern engineering. He has a remarkable knack for bringing to life indelible characters and making readers hold our breath as these brave men enter the claustrophobic world of their undersea lives.”
—Mitchell Zuckoff, author of Frozen in Time and Lost in Shangri-La
 
“Trapped Under the Sea offers vital insights into how organizations work—or fail to work—and how very smart people can make very bad decisions. Neil Swidey’s riveting account of the Deer Island disaster should be essential reading for anyone in a position of leadership. I couldn’t put it down.”
—Amy Edmondson, Harvard Business School Novartis Professor of Leadership and Management and author of Teaming
 
“A masterfully reported, grippingly written, and moving case study of how the emotional way we assess risk can lead to deadly mistakes. Nearly everyone in this sad story, driven by their own unique motivations, misjudged a deadly danger that was staring them in the face, and the results were tragic. There are lessons here, for all of us.”
—David Ropeik, author of Risk!

“With the pacing and feel of a special-ops adventure and the insight of a public-policy investigation, Swidey details the lives of the divers, leading up to their fateful mission, the horrors of the ordeal, and its aftermath as the survivors coped with trauma and guilt.”
—Booklist, starred review

“Gripping…This virtuoso performance combines insights into massive engineering projects, corporate litigation, environmental science, and cutthroat free-market behavior with vivid personal stories.”
—Publishers Weekly, starred review 

“Enlightening…Provides immense detail about the challenges, solutions, politics, management, legalities, and personnel involved in a huge, expensive, necessary project that transformed Boston Harbor from an open sewer into a recreational area…yet never loses sight of the people involved.”
—Library Journal, starred review

“A story of infrastructure told on a human scale and a trenchant reminder that the modern metropolis comes with high risks and savage costs.”
–Kirkus ReviewsNeil Swidey is the author of  Trapped Under the Sea, a #1 Boston Globe bestseller that was named one of the best books of 2014 by Booklist. He is also the author of  The Assist, named one of the best books of 2008 by the  Washington Post, and a co-author of the New York Times bestselling  Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. A staff writer for The Boston Globe Magazine, Swidey also teaches journalism at Brandeis University and has been a contributing analyst for NBC News. His work has been featured in  The Best American Science Writing,  The Best American Crime Writing, and  The Best American Political Writing. He is a seven-time winner of the Sigma Delta Chi Award from the Society for Professional Journalists and has been a finalist for the National Magazine Award. He lives outside Boston with his wife and three daughters. As an outgrowth of his first book, he founded the Alray Scholars Program, a mentoring and scholarship nonprofit that helps give inner-city students a second chance at college.Book club discussion guide for Neil Swidey’s TRAPPED UNDER THE SEA.

1. Before reading Trapped Under the Sea, had you ever heard of the Boston Harbor clean-up?  Were you surprised by Swidey’s description of the harbor before the clean-up? 

2. One of the book’s greatest strengths is how well we get to know not only the five divers who took on the toughest assignment of pulling the plugs, but also many of the other key players, from sewer agency boss Doug MacDonald to construction manager Dave Corkum to diving company owners Tap Taylor and Roger Rouleau. With whom did you identify?  Whose story surprised you the most?

3. Were you surprised by what you learned about the subculture of commercial divers and the difficulty of their work?

4. Although the beginning of the book is dominated by men, it’s actually two women – detective Mary McCauley and safety director Joan Parker – who play the largest roles after the accident in trying to figure out what went wrong.  Is it a coincidence? Or are women somehow better suited to these roles? 

5. Given the strikingly different personalities of McCauley and Parker, were you surprised at how closely they bonded?  Were you inspired by their tenacity in trying to push for accountability and justice?

6. The “Hail Mary Pass” mission – at the end of the long, expensive Boston Harbor Cleanup Project – proposed to send five commercial divers to the end of a ten-mile tunnel without electricity, light, oxygen or transportation, hundreds of feet below the harbor, and with equipment that had barely been tested and wasn’t recommended for human use.  What do you make of the fact that so many seemingly smart people – at levels high and low – signed off on such a risky mission? 

7. The Deer Island tunnel was both an engineering marvel and the centerpiece of a multi-billion-dollar massive project that ultimately transformed Boston for the better. Given all the dollars and brain power that went into the project over a decade, why do you think there was there so much pressure to complete the final step – pulling out the plugs – quickly and on the cheap?  

8. Even before disaster struck, it was clear to all involved that this was a risky mission. If you were a commercial diver asked to take on this assignment, how do you think you would have reacted? What if it was your spouse or partner who was asked to sign on? Why do you think Hoss, Billy, Tim, Riggs and DJ agreed to the job?

9. Many people hold Harald Grob accountable for what went wrong in the Deer Island tunnel.  Do you agree? Who else do you think shared responsibility for the disaster?

10. What lessons do you think can be learned from Trapped Under the Sea about worker safety, risk management, or organizational behavior for the other large-scale infrastructure projects that make the modern world around us possible?

11. This project attracted some of the best and brightest minds in engineering and construction from around the country. But this story shows that just because you bring top talent together to tackle a huge task doesn’t guarantee a good result.  What steps do you think could have been taken early on to better manage the project and avoid the crisis that ultimately forced the five divers to have to risk their lives?

12. Another major focus of the book is non-combat PTSD.  Like Hoss, did you initially think that PTSD applied only to veterans who had seen action on the battlefield? Have you ever known anybody who has suffered from it? Like DJ, were you surprised how paralyzing recurring nightmares could be for people who had suffered such searing trauma? 

13. When something goes wrong with a large-scale undertaking, the natural impulse is to try to look for the single, giant mistake.  Swidey points out, however, that it’s usually a series of small mistakes that align to create disaster, “when the holes in the Swiss cheese line up.”  What do you see as the key, small mistakes and bad choices that led to this tragedy?

14. After reading the book, did you come away thinking that the Deer Island disaster could and should have been avoided? Or do you see it as the inevitable outcome of such an ambitious project?

15. Do you look at the infrastructure around us, and the largely anonymous workers who make it possible, any differently after reading this book?

1

DJ

SIX YEARS EARLIER

DJ pulled into the driveway, got out of his Ford Bronco, and stepped into what felt like a 1980s music video. Straight ahead was a sun-tanned brunette washing her car while wearing ripped jean shorts and a wet half-shirt. As he trained his eyes on her, DJ could practically hear the thumping hair-metal-band soundtrack playing in his head. Actually, it wasn’t all in his head. There was music coming from around the back of the house, where someone had placed a speaker facing out of a first-floor window.

At a picnic table, three attractive women in their early twenties sat in Daisy Duke cutoffs and tight tops, drinking wine coolers and taking in the sun on a late summer afternoon. It was a Friday in August 1993, and DJ, a month shy of his twenty-fourth birthday, had just returned to Massachusetts after more than two years working as an offshore diver in the Gulf of Mexico. During his time away, his mother and younger brother had moved into the upstairs apartment of this two-family house in Waltham, a former mill city west of Boston. They were away on vacation now, so DJ was on his own as he saw the new place for the first time.

A guy around his age approached him, explaining that he lived in the downstairs apartment with his girlfriend, the dark-haired car washer. He invited DJ to grab a beer and join the party that was just getting started. DJ didn’t need much convincing and plopped himself down at the picnic table. Given his muscular build, broad smile, and easy conversational skills, he never had much trouble getting noticed by girls, even if he was shier than he let on.

A blonde named Lisa, in between drags on her cigarette, began chatting him up. She had a big laugh to match a big personality. When she told a story, she used her chin, not just her hands, for emphasis. DJ immediately liked her. But his eyes were more drawn to the black-haired woman sitting next to her, who introduced herself as Donna. At least that’s what it sounded like to DJ’s ears. But when he called her that a few minutes later, she quickly corrected him. It may have sounded like Donna, but her name was actually spelled Dana. To nail the correct pronunciation–DAH-nah–you needed to contort your mouth into a horizontal line as exaggerated as a mailbox slot. Seems like a lot of trouble for a name, DJ thought to himself. But he was so smitten that he didn’t mind. Dana had bronze skin, big alluring eyes, and milky teeth that lit up her face when she smiled.

DJ could sense that all the girls were fascinated by his tales of adventure as a diver in the Gulf. He explained how he would get helicoptered way out to sea, onto a giant oil platform the size of a village, so he could do complicated work hundreds of feet underwater. When he’d left Waltham a few years earlier, he’d been just another construction worker hanging out at the bar. Now, having turned his childhood love of the water into a thrilling career, he could claim a deep well of true stories. He knew to prune from his anecdotes all the unglamorous realities of life as an offshore diver–the smelly sleeping quarters and grunt work bordering on hazing–and stick to the exciting stuff.

The party grew as the night wore on. When DJ noticed at one point that Dana had disappeared, he turned his attention to blond-haired Lisa. As night turned to morning, they made their way upstairs to his mother’s apartment, where they hooked up. She took off early the next morning, explaining that she had to head out of town.

It didn’t take long for day two of the party to get going. Once again Dana was there, and this time DJ didn’t let her out of his sight. She told him she was a hairstylist at a high-end Boston salon. She clearly liked to have a good time, but DJ detected something classy and almost exotic about her, with her dark hair falling around her face, hiding one of her eyes.

Late that night, after most of the partyers had cleared out, DJ realized he had lost the key to his mother’s apartment. “Don’t worry,” his downstairs neighbor told him. “You can crash on our couch.”

Things heated up between DJ and Dana once they found themselves alone. Eventually they moved from the couch to the dark kitchen and then, for the crescendo, onto the kitchen counter. Suddenly someone flicked on the overhead light. Dana yelled. DJ turned to see a groggy guy who was clearly startled to find he had produced such drama–or more accurately, interrupted it. That was all the motivation DJ needed to head outside, climb up to the second floor, and crawl through a window. He then let Dana in, and they spent the night together with no further interruptions.

Even as the fun began to wind down on Sunday, DJ had something else to look forward to. While he had been working as a nonunion diver in the Gulf, his hope in returning to Boston was to join Local 56, the union for pile drivers and commercial divers. The pay and benefits were a lot better for union divers, which is why DJ worried it would be hard to break into the local. But just a few days earlier, he’d received instructions from the union hall to show up at the beginning of the week for a job rebuilding a ship terminal in South Boston. In one weekend, everything in his personal and professional life seemed to come together.

Late that afternoon Dana made a call. After she hung up, she mentioned her sister would be coming over.

“Oh,” DJ said. “You got a sister?”

“Yes,” Dana replied, tilting her head in surprise. “You met her.”

DJ racked his brain but couldn’t recall meeting her sister. Dana insisted. “You know, Lisa–the blond girl.”

The words were a punch to his gut. When Lisa arrived, DJ noticed her flinch as she saw Dana caressing his arm. DJ tried the only move he could think of, a last-minute call for clemency in the form of a pained look shot directly at Lisa. With it, he was wordlessly saying: I had no idea.

Lisa, to his eternal relief, returned a forgiving look.

Later, when her sister was out of the room, Lisa said to him, “I see you and Dana are getting along well.”

“Yeah,” DJ replied nervously. “Listen, Lisa, I didn’t know–“

She cut him off. “You don’t have to explain anything. I can tell you didn’t know we were sisters.”

DJ couldn’t have been more relieved. He was attracted to Dana in a way he hadn’t felt before, though there were few signs of the role she would come to play in his life.

There was, however, more fallout from his fantasy weekend. All that partying caught up with him to the point where, on his first day of his first union job, he showed up to the worksite late. The supervisor told DJ that if he thought he could just waltz in whenever he felt like it, he should save everybody some time and go find another job. “Don’t even think about being late again,” the guy barked, “unless you’ve got a really good story.”

DJ flashed an impish grin. “Have I got a story for you!” he said, launching into the tale of his weekend with two sisters. By the end, the supervisor was the one grinning. He let DJ’s tardiness slide.

DJ didn’t get into it then, but his full life story was just as interesting.

As a kid, he’d lived in eleven states in a dozen years. Tennessee, Maryland, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Georgia, North Carolina, Oklahoma. He was forever the new kid, the outsider who would never be around long enough to make real friends. In every new town, he carried an unfamiliar accent with inflections from the last stop, setting him up for taunting from the other kids.

His mother, Lorraine, had grown up on a farm near the rocky coastline of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Her father regularly traveled to the States to find work as a carpenter, and at age twenty-one, Lorraine had followed him. In Boston she fell for an Irish construction worker, got pregnant, and eventually gave birth to a boy she named Donald James Gillis, after her two brothers. Soon everyone took to calling him DJ.

After a few years raising DJ alone, Lorraine married a pipe fitter who helped build power plants, specializing in nuclear facilities. She had a son with him, and as he chased work across the country, she followed along with her two young boys. She was fond of her husband but felt that his weakness for alcohol made life a struggle. When he drank his wages, Lorraine had to provide for her sons with the small paychecks she earned working in a series of service jobs: waitress, hospital worker, clerk at a fireworks stand.

In this sea of uncertainty, Lorraine came to rely heavily on DJ. Even as a young boy, he had shown himself to be cool in a crisis. When he was eight years old, he appeared at their Oklahoma door carrying his bloodied five-year-old brother, David. DJ was holding a towel down on his brother’s forehead and squeezing his hand tightly. Lorraine shrieked. “Oh my God! What happened?”

But DJ’s first words to his mother were reassuring. “Don’t be scared, Mom. He’s gonna be okay.”

A neighborhood punk had thrown a piece of pipe at DJ’s brother, producing an enormous gash in his head. DJ had carried David several blocks home, like a firefighter calmly removing a child from a house in flames. “From that day on,” Lorraine would later say, “DJ was like a father, constantly protecting his brother–and me.”

When Lorraine finally tried to steel herself to leave her husband, DJ was the one she confided in. “Don’t be scared, Mom,” he told her. “You’re tough. We can make it together.” She drew strength from those words, even though they came from the mouth of a twelve-year-old boy.

After bouncing around for a few years, Lorraine and her sons landed back in the Boston area in 1984, on DJ’s fifteenth birthday. They arrived in Newton, a small city bordering Boston, and settled into a gloomy, almost petrified house with plastic-encased sofas. It was owned by an invalid woman whom Lorraine would care for in exchange for housing. Newton was an affluent, education-obsessed city, so the transition was not easy for DJ, a high school freshman with a spotty transcript. Kids made fun of his cowboy boots and curious southern accent. They called him a redneck, a dagger of an insult if there ever was one in such a brainy town. When he visited classmates’ homes, he found a degree of wealth that would have been inconceivable in the sticks of Tennessee and Oklahoma. It made him only more embarrassed about his borrowed space in an old lady’s dusty house.

By his sophomore year, his family had moved to the neighboring city of Waltham, whose complexion turned quickly from gritty industry and tired triple-deckers to sleek high-tech offices and green suburbia. When he attended his first teen house party, he found himself being stared down by one of the toughest kids in school, a beefy pot dealer. DJ was tall but at that point very thin, so everyone expected him to get pummeled. Yet all those years moving around and constantly having to defend himself had turned him into an agile fighter. He ended up throwing the pot dealer through a window. After that, no one made fun of DJ’s accent anymore.

Before long he was getting into so many fistfights that his guidance counselor called him into his office and asked, “Is everything all right at home?” He figured DJ’s string of black eyes and busted lips were signs of abuse, not the emblems of his new identity as someone who was both cool and fearless.

The next year he transferred to the city’s vocational high school, where he discovered a talent for welding. Before long, he picked up a part-time job with a local welder. After graduating from high school, his mother helped him buy a brand-new black Firebird Formula 350. He treasured that car, keeping it immaculate. He cruised the downtown strip with pride, as though his Firebird were announcing to the world the arrival of the kid who had always been ashamed of how little he had.

A life of the party who seemed just dangerous enough to be attractive, DJ had become a guy that girls wanted a piece of and other guys wanted to be around. He cemented his appeal by adding muscle to his build through weight lifting. After a lonely and turbulent childhood, he savored the newfound attention. He moved quickly and partied vigorously, making up for lost time.

Still, for all the fun he was having, DJ realized that on some level he was lost. He had struggled just to get through high school, so college didn’t seem viable. He worked several blue-collar jobs but couldn’t glimpse much of a future. When a relative offered him the chance to work with him doing commercial construction in Syracuse, New York, DJ said yes.

Cut off from their normal social circles, they filled some of their downtime taking scuba-diving lessons at a local pool. As a kid, DJ had always loved swimming, refusing to get out of the water until he had reached that blue-lipped, body-shivering state that only children and shipwreck victims seem able to tolerate. Before one class, as he flipped through a scuba magazine, he came across an article describing commercial diving as a career. It explained how these divers did underwater welding and construction and traveled the world, finding adventure and making good money. It dawned on DJ: This is something I could be good at.

In February 1991, twenty-one-year-old DJ moved to Houston to enroll at the Ocean Corporation dive school. After a month in school, around the time when many wannabe divers realize how punishing the job is and quit, DJ called home to Lorraine.

“Mom,” he said, “this is exactly what I want to be doing.”

DJ grabbed his yellow fiberglass diving helmet out of his truck and headed over to the job site. The SuperLite 17 was his prized possession. He’d bought it used, when he was just getting started in the Gulf, and even then it had set him back nearly three grand. Despite its name, the helmet still weighed about thirty pounds out of the water. This job in the fall of 1993 had brought DJ to a hydroelectric plant in southeastern Vermont. Given his experience as a deep-sea diver in the Gulf, where he’d done underwater welding at depths of 250 feet, he figured working in the waters of a New England river one-tenth as deep would be like a dip in the pool.US

Additional information

Weight	12.8 oz
Dimensions	0.9200 × 5.1600 × 8.0000 in
Imprint	Crown
Format	General Trade
ISBN-13	09780307886736
ISBN-10	0307886735
Author	Neil Swidey
Audience	General / adult
BISAC	TRU005000, TEC060000
Subjects	American history books, true stories, environmental, biographies, clean up, boston, TRU005000, crime books, US history, engineer, engineers, tunnel, Massachusetts, law and order, gifts for history buffs, true crime books, true crime gifts, engineer gifts, criminal psychology, TEC060000, infrastructure, Harbor, Divers, true story, politics, crime, true crime, american history, perseverance, tragedy, technology, environment, American, death, conspiracy, history, rescue, disaster, prison, FBI, ocean, submarine, engineering, sea, mission, history books